Skin Cancer ? Ultraviolet Radiation Causes Epidermal Basal Cells

June 25th | Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology

Skin cancer is classified as melanoma or nonmelanoma. Nonmelanoma cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are much less likely to metastasize than cancer melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, begins when ultraviolet radiation causes epidermal basal cells to form tumors, while at the same time the ability to suppress the immune system to detect the tumor. The signs of a tumor are varied. They include an open sore that does not heal a recurring reddish patches; a smooth, circular growth with a lip, bump bright, pale or trademark. About 95% of patients are easily cured by surgical removal of the tumor, but recurrence is common. Squamous cell carcinoma begins in the epidermis proper. While five times less common than basal cell carcinoma, it is more likely to spread to adjacent organs, and death occurs in approximately 1% of cases. Signs of squamous cell carcinoma are the same as those for basal cell carcinoma, except that it may also prove to be a wart that bleeds and crusts. Melanoma, the type that is most likely to be malignant, begins in melanocytes and has the appearance of a mole unusual. Unlike a normal mole, which is dark, circular, and confined, a mole melanoma looks like an ink blot reversed, and a mole melanoma can only display a wide variety of colors. A mole melanoma may also itch, hurt or feel numb. The skin around the mole becomes gray, white, or red. Melanoma is more common in fair skinned people, especially if they have suffered severe burns that children occasionally. The risk of melanoma increases with the number of moles a person. Most moles appear before the age of 14 years, and their appearance is linked to sun exposure. Melanoma rates have increased since the beginning of the century, but the incidence has doubled in the last decade. In 2002, approximately 54,000 cases of melanoma were diagnosed in the United States.

Related posts:

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma: Superficial Basal Cell Cancers
2. Keratoacanthomas: T H E Second Common Skin Cancer
3. Description ? Symptoms Cumulative Sun Exposure
4. ANAL CANAL ? Nine Cell Layersthe Basal Cells
5. Vulvar cancer ? Most Vulvar Cancers

Tags: cancer, Skin:

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Spain requests bank aid, awaits Moody's cut

MADRID (Reuters) - Spain formally requested European aid for its indebted banks on Monday but the lack of details rekindled investor doubts over the financial sector, hours before Moody's was expected to cut the ratings of all Spanish lenders.

Two financial sources told Reuters the Moody's downgrade, which follows a June 13 downgrade of Spain's sovereign rating by three notches, was likely to happen on Monday night.

In a letter to Euro group Chairman Jean-Claude Juncker sent early on Monday, Spanish Economy Minister Luis de Guindos said he wanted to take up the EU offer of up to 100 billion euros and hoped to finalize the package by July 9.

He did not specify how much money Spain will seek to recapitalize the indebted lenders and said the final amount and conditions of the assistance were still under discussion.

Spanish banking stocks fell 2.6 percent in afternoon trade slightly underperforming the blue-chips index, which was off 2.5 percent. And Spain's country risk, as measured by the spread between German and Spanish benchmark bonds, rose to 504 basis points.

De Guindos said an independent audit of the banking sector released last Thursday would be used as a starting point to determine the capital needs, to which an additional security buffer will be added.

The audit showed Spanish banks, badly hit by a property crash four years ago, need up to 62 billion euros to weather a severe economic downturn.

Analysts say the euro zone's fourth largest economy, which has become the focus of the debt crisis, will struggle to get out of recession unless the banking problems are solved.

According to financial and government sources, four nationalized banks - Bankia, CatalunyaCaixa, NovaGalicia and Banco de Valencia - will get the bulk of the aid. These banks could need a cash injection of around 40 billion euros as soon as July, the sources said.

The bailout mechanism - European Stability Mechanism or European Financial Stability facility - which will be used to raise the money will be chosen at a later stage.

This question is important because the ESM has a preferred debtor status which would push private bondholders down the queue for repayment of their investments.

NO LOSSES FOR BONDHOLDERS

Luxembourg's prime minister, Jean-Claude Juncker, who chairs monthly meetings of euro zone finance ministers, said he had received the request and would give an answer "in due course".

"We expect to give a mandate to the Commission, in liaison with the ECB and the EBA, to negotiate the necessary policy conditionality for the financial sector, including restructuring plans in accordance with EU state aid rules, which shall accompany the financial assistance," he said in a statement.

The European Commission usually requires banks which receive aid to sell assets, close branches and restructure.

This would however not involve imposing losses on banks' bondholders, something De Guindos ruled out on Friday.

Secretary of State for Economy Fernando Jimenez Latorre said on Monday the aid should reach the banks within three or four months and that transitory liquidity mechanisms would be used for the entities which require a lifeline earlier.

"In the next weeks, we will clear doubts about the seniority of the European aid, the conditions for the credits, the maturity, if it will affect the deficit," he said.

He added that the possibility of channeling the European aid directly to the banks was still an option. The request letter however said Spain's bank restructuring fund, known as the FROB, would receive the money and distribute it to the lenders.

DIRECT AID?

Documents released on Friday after the independent audit showed Spain will carry out yet another stress test of its banks by October with a focus on seven lenders that might not need aid right away but could still be vulnerable.

Doing the extra test gives Spain at least two more months to negotiate for direct recapitalization of the banks. The government wants to avoid taking on the aid itself and then channeling it to the banks, which would affect the public debt, potentially ramping up borrowing costs and dragging it further into the debt crisis.

Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Garcia-Margallo said on Monday that Spain would insist in having long maturities and low interest rates on the loans. He also said direct European aid for the banks was still an option.

"The question of whether the aid is given directly to the banks remains open. This question was discussed in Rome between the four European leaders and no solution has been found yet," he said in Luxembourg, on the sidelines of a meeting of European Union foreign ministers.

Spain has escaped conditionality for its economic policy in return for the financial assistance but it will be placed under increased scrutiny from its EU partners.

"The way Spain complies with any and all of its commitments will be looked at with more attention than for a country which has not sought financial assistance," said EU competition chief Joaquin Almunia on Monday.

Almunia will be in charge of supervising the restructuring of the banking sector and maintaining a level playing field with other lenders in Europe which did not receive state aid.

(Additional reporting by Carlos Ruano in Santander Robert Hetz and Emma Pinedo in Madrid and Luke Baker in Brussels; editing by Fiona Ortiz and Anna Willard)

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Why do fat cells get fat? New suspect ID'd

Monday, June 25, 2012

As the world fights obesity at the human level, scientists at the University of Michigan and their colleagues have made a surprising finding at the microscopic level that could help fuel that fight.

Their work helps explain why fat-storing cells get fatter, and burn fat slower, as obesity sets in. If their findings from mice can be shown to apply to humans, they may provide a new target for obesity-fighting drugs.

By studying the tiny signals that fat-storing cells send to one another, the team has shown a crucial and previously unknown role for a molecule called Sfrp5.

The results, which appear online today and will be in the July issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, surprised them.

In a series of experiments, the team showed that Sfrp5 influences a signaling pathway known as WNT to stimulate fat cells ? called adipocytes ? to grow larger and to suppress the rate at which fat is burned in the mitochondria inside them.

By stopping cells from making Sfrp5, they were able to make mice that didn't get as fat as quickly because their adipocytes didn't grow large ? even when the mice were fed a high-fat diet. They even showed the impact when transplanting fat from Sfrp5?deficient mice into other mice.

The research was performed with National Institutes of Health funding in the U-M Medical School laboratory of Ormond MacDougald, Ph.D., the Faulkner Professor in the Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, a professor of internal medicine and a member of U-M's Brehm Center for Diabetes Research.

Working with postdoctoral fellow and first author Hiroyuki Mori, Ph.D., and colleagues, MacDougald says the team built on its previous findings about the importance of WNT signaling in fat cell development.

"WNT signaling plays a crucial role in regulating, and inhibiting, white fat cell growth and the recruitment of new cells to store fat," he explains. "But it appears that in obesity, Sfrp5 can interfere with that signaling, and may create a feedback loop that keeps stimulating production of more of itself."

He notes that the new results contradict previous work published by another group, which found essentially the opposite role for Sfrp5. A commentary accompanying the new U-M paper, by scientists from Denmark, notes the strong evidence behind the new findings and emphasizes the importance of further research on the topic.

MacDougald and his team zeroed in on Sfrp5 after years of studying WNT signaling between adipocytes. They and other teams had already seen that the amounts of Sfrp5 produced within fat tissue were higher in obese animals.

They were able to breed mice that could not make the molecule, and expected to see that these mice resisted obesity because they couldn't convert more cells into adipocytes to store excess fat from their high-fat diet.

But instead, they found that the mice without Sfrp5 did have just as many fat cells as other mice -- but that these cells didn't accumulate fat and grow bigger. As a result, the mice didn't get fat, no matter how rich their diet.

Looking more closely at Sfrp5-deficient mice, they saw a surge of activity in expression of genes related to mitochondria ? the furnaces inside cells that burn fat or other fuel to power cell activity. It was as if the furnaces had been stoked when Sfrp5 wasn't present, so fat could be burned at a higher rate than normal.

"From our results, we believe that Sfrp5 is an important moderator of mitochondrial activity, the first time this has been seen for the WNT signaling pathway in adipocytes," says Mori. "This underscores the complexity of WNT signaling."

In essence, MacDougald says, Sfrp5 poses as a decoy receptor for WNT signals to bind to, keeping them from binding to the receptors on the cell surface that they otherwise would bind to. With WNT signaling reduced, cells store fat and grow larger, and don't burn it as quickly. Then, the cells produce even more Sfrp5, creating the feedback loop that perpetuates the tendency for adipocytes to accumulate lipid.

While pharmaceutical companies are already looking at WNT signaling as a possible target for drugs related to bone formation, the new findings suggest that perhaps the same signaling pathway could be a target for anti-obesity drugs.

But, MacDougald cautions, the findings need to be explored further in both mice and humans. With the obesity epidemic putting hundreds of millions of people at risk of all types of diseases, that research has a special urgency behind it.

###

University of Michigan Health System: http://www.med.umich.edu

Thanks to University of Michigan Health System for this article.

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Microsoft Surface Tablet Hands-on: The Future of Windows is Here [Video]

Microsoft says Windows 8 re-imagines its OS, and now we have hardware that re-imagines tablets to match. We just spent some time with the Surface for Windows RT tablet, an ARM-powered magnesium beauty with a built-in kickstand and very unique Touch Cover keyboard that does Apple?s Smart Cover one better. Here?s our initial impressions.

Made out of magnesium, the Surface is solidly built, yet light for a 10-inch tablet. At 1.5 pounds, it?s a bit heavier and thicker than the iPad, but you?re getting more real estate. It?s also fairly thin, at just 0.4 inches thick. We liked the sturdy build, as well as the beveled edges, which made holding it fairly comfortable.

The tablet?s integrated kickstand, which is quite sizable, also feels very sturdy for something so thin. Two small indentations on the long ends of the Surface allow you to flip it out easily, but we, along with some others here, struggled at first to figure it out. It was a small learning curve, though.?

Aside from the kickstand, the other big hardware feature is the magnetic cover with the built-in keyboard. One version uses a touch-sensitive keyboard and touchpad, which measures how hard you press on its felt-like surface. It measures just 3 mm thick. A more traditional keyboard, with mechanical keys and touchpad, is about 5mm thick. Both snap on firmly to the tablet, and, in a neat trick, will change the background color of the Surface to match the color of the keyboard.

While a Microsoft representative said that typing on the touch keyboard was twice as efficient as typing on glass, the lack of any give still means it?ll be less efficient than typing on a traditional layout. However, we did like the way it integrates with the Surface, and are a little surprised that something like this hasn?t come out for the iPad yet.

Both tablets have a 10.6-inch ClearType display with Gorilla Glass. In our very brief hands-on time, flicking through menus and opening items was quick and smooth, and the screen had very wide viewing angles, too. Microsoft is being a little cagey on the resolution of the screen, though.

The RT version of the tablet will run an Nvidia Tegra processor, and measure about 0.4 inches thick and weigh 1.5 pounds. It will have a full-size USB 2.0 port, and come in 32GB and 64GB sizes. It will cost roughly the same as other ARM-based tablets?we?re guessing in the $500 range?and be available right around the same time as Windows 8, later this year.

The Windows 8 Pro version will be a slightly thicker 0.53 inches, and come in at a heavier 2 pounds. That?s because this tablet will have an Intel Ivy Bridge Core i5 processor. Unlike the RT version, this Surface tablet will have a USB 3.0 port, and support Pen input with palm rejection. Microsoft says that it will come in 64GB and 128GB flavors, and will be available about three months after Windows 8.?

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LG launches 'Quick Voice' on its phones in Korea, goes head to head with S Voice and Siri

After Apple and Samsung have made their Siri and S Voice features keystones of recent smartphone releases, it wasn't long before other manufacturers jumped in and now it's LG's turn with Quick Voice for its Android phones (we'll see how Apple responds to that). Just announced in Korea and rolling out soon for various members of the Optimus family like the Vu and LTE II, it brings natural voice recognition to commonly used functions like searching, setting up appointments or pulling up videos on YouTube. For Korean users it's even tuned to check dates on the lunar calendar, although there's no word yet on when or if it will arrive elsewhere.

LG launches 'Quick Voice' on its phones in Korea, goes head to head with S Voice and Siri originally appeared on Engadget on Tue, 19 Jun 2012 23:12:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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George Zimmerman?s jailhouse telephone recordings released

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Ref with love-hate relationships | The Hand

Posted by The Hand on June 5, 2012 in Relationships |

Bayern Munich?s Arjen Robben (left) receives the yellow card from referee Howard Webb during their Champions League semifinal match against Real Madrid in Munich on April 17, 2012. (Ralph Orlowski/Reuters)

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English referee Howard Webb described the 2010 World Cup final between the Netherlands and Spain as the most difficult two hours of his life.

In what was likely the dirtiest World Cup final ever played, Webb whistled a foul once every two minutes and issued 14 cautions plus an ejection while being scrutinized for a handful of shocking decisions that could have changed the complexion of the match.

It didn?t get any easier immediately after the Cup final. The policeman from the north of England was jeered during the medal ceremony at Soccer City Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa for his handling of the game.

Almost two years later, he faced another difficult hour during an FA Cup tie between Premier League clubs Tottenham and Bolton.

?There was a numb sensation about what (I?d) witnessed,? Webb said in recalling Fabrice Muamba?s now iconic in-game cardiac arrest, a life-or-death situation where the Englishman?s prompt decision-making is credited with saving the 24-year-old?s life.

A lot of responsibility and influence accompanies a man overseeing 22 players as the world looks on.

Back for his second consecutive UEFA Euro tournament, in the wake of what the Dutch hailed as a disaster at the 2010 World Cup final, all eyes will be on Webb as he looks to shed his label as an inconsistent official on the world stage ? something that has haunted him for the better part of four years.

In charge of his first ever Euro match in 2008, Webb kicked off his international Cup career with what the Poles hailed as a travesty during their second group stage game against Austria.

With Poland up 1-0 deep in second-half stoppage time, Webb pointed to the spot for what appeared to be a harmless tug on Sebastian Prodl?s Austrian kit during a free-kick just outside the box.

The 2008 co-hosts would level the proceedings off the ensuing penalty kick in the 93rd minute to keep their chances at progression alive ? and just about kill Poland?s dreams of securing passage to the last eight.

?F?? disgrace, English referees,? then Poland coach Leo Beenhakker was heard screaming at Webb following the match. As a result, Webb wasn?t called upon to referee a knockout-phase game.

While there are many players who have failed to perform for both club and country, Webb is viewed as a refereeing god in the Football Association (England?s governing body of soccer) but as a villain during international play, especially by the Spanish and Dutch.

After the 2010 World Cup final, news organizations from both countries labelled Webb?s performance as ?abysmal,? accusing the Englishman of favouritism in Johannesburg.

Although favouritism likely wasn?t a good choice of words, abysmal was near spot on. The Englishman?s decision to allow the Netherlands? Nigel De Jong to remain on the pitch following a flying karate-like kick to Xabi Alonso?s chest set a precedent that quickly saw him lose control of the match.

It was former Dutch coach Rinus Michels who said, ?Football is war,? but De Jong?s challenge that night in South Africa would have earned two sending-offs and a hefty fine anywhere else in the world.

For Webb, it was a challenge worthy of a first-half caution and a stern talking to.

Webb is one of 12 referees from 12 European nations selected to officiate this edition of the continent?s biggest tournament, and at least three nations are hoping to avoid the man many consider to be the second coming of Italy?s Pierluigi Collina.

Think of it as the game inside the game ? officials in this tournament have the power to bring an entire populace to its knees.

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Article source: http://www.torontosun.com/2012/06/06/ref-with-love-hate-relationships

Tags: love, relationships

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5 games to look for at E3 2012

The Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) is one of the most anticipated video game shows of the year. This time around, developers and designers from companies such as Activision and Electronic Arts will be showcasing their new and unreleased products among about 200 registered exhibitors. Here are five games to look for this year ? but we also want to hear from you. Let us know about your most anticipated titles in the comments.?

- Megan Riesz

1. Halo 4

The Halo franchise is arguably the staple of the Xbox 360, so nearly five years after the release of Halo 3, fans are more than ready for what comes next. The latest installment will pick up with Master Chief Petty Office John-117, a super soldier who has appeared in Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, and Halo 3. Set for release on Nov. 6, Halo 4 will be ?set in the aftermath of Halo 3, [when] Master Chief returns to confront his own destiny and face an ancient evil that threatens the fate of the entire universe.? Sounds about right.

While Bungie designed all of prior Halo games, 343 Industries ? a Microsoft subsidiary ? has taken the reigns of Halo 4. ?We?ve really focused on trying to craft these moments that live up to the legacy of the Halo experience,? 343 Industries creative director Josh Holmes said in the behind-the-scenes video, ?Making Halo 4: First Look.? Other developers said they wanted to bring more of Master Chief?s story to the new game, since it had only been explored in comic books and other media. And, of course, ?a threat that is beyond anything that Master Chief has faced before.?

Halo 4 was announced during last year?s E3 ? this year, Microsoft will showcase a demo.

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Can The Buyer And Seller Split The Savings On A For Sale By Owner

Q: We?re buying a house from some people we know. We?re both wanting to do the transaction without using a Realtor. That should ?save? the Realtor?s commission, about 6% or so. How should this ?savings? be split up between buyer/seller? I know it?s negotiable, but I was wondering what is common?
?Dmoodman, Frederick, MD

A: Nothing is common in this instance. The seller is not using a Realtor to get the most amount of money and the buyer is not using a Realtor to save money. Your own negotiating skills are what will make this decision.
Colin Rosenthal is a Realtor? with DFW Metro Housing in The Colony, TX.

A: Sellers usually sell their home by themselves to save the 6 % commission for various reasons ? Maybe there is no equity in the home, the sellers need a certain amount from the sale of their home to get into another home, sellers need a fast sale and do not want to over price their property, etc. Each transaction is different and there is no way to ?split? the commission savings ? it is all negotiations.
Sandy Straley is a Realtor? in Layton, UT.

A: Usually, since the commission is paid by the seller and is ?on top? of the price of the home. I would just reduce the price by the commission, because you both win that way, because if you are getting a loan then your loan is less, down payment and monthly payment.
Beverly Houlier is a Realtor? with Hilltop Chateau Realty in San Diego, CA.

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Related posts:

1. Who Pays The Realtor Fee If The Buyer And Seller Use The Same Realtor?
2. Will My Real Estate Agent Still Get Paid If I Found A House For Sale By Owner That I End Up Purchasing?
3. Why Won?t The Seller?s Realtor Lower Her Commission To Make The Sale?
4. What Is The Minimum Percentage Of Commission?
5. Should I Use A Realtor To Buy A For Sale By Owner Home?

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